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In this episode, Dr. Jeffery Gladden speaks with Colleen Cutcliffe, Ph.D., the Co-founder and CEO of Pendulum Therapeutics, she has an impressive background in leading and managing biology teams. She's a scientist with a Ph.D. in Biochemistry and Microbiology from Johns Hopkins University and has held senior positions at bioscience and pharmaceutical firms. Pendulum is passionate about finding revolutionary, safe, and practical solutions to ailments that can be tied to your gut, and they have a goal to bridge nature and medicine. In this episode, they talk about probiotics and what led Colleen down this particular path. They mention that there are critical pathways in our microbiome that need to be operational: fiber→, butyrate + mucin regulation. They also talk about Pendulum and the benefits of the products they offer, and how the ability to manage glucose response is fundamental to healthy aging. 

Dr. Gladden introduces Colleen, and she introduces herself and how she got into what she does now. (1:30)

Colleen talks about how you could approach the microbiome using DNA sequencing data science. She also mentions that if you could marry DNA sequencing technologies and network data science with pharmaceutical drug development, you could, with the microbiome, create products that had the efficacy of a drug but the safety of a probiotic. (2:40)

Colleen mentioned a study that showed kids taking antibiotics before six months of age were also systematically more prone to obesity and type two diabetes as they age. Dr. Gladden mentions how antibiotics affect children. (4:00)

Colleen mentions how butyrate is a small molecule that's been known for quite some time to have a really important role in a variety of different things. She says it is probably one of the most interesting things is that in our colon, our colon cells are the only cells in our entire body that use butyrate as their source of energy as opposed to glucose. (6:10)

Dr. Gladden mentions how the fiber metabolism generates butyrate that feeds the intestinal lining. Dr. Gladden also mentions how fascinating it is that the butyrate is responsible for releasing GLP-1. (7:30)

Colleen notes that if you are missing your microbiomes, ingesting fiber does not make much difference. (10:00)

Dr. Gladden mentions some misconceptions about microbiomes and always compares the person's stool 

against an "ideal" stool. (11:59)

Dr. Gladden talks about keystone strains and how what we are eating affects and influences them and the importance of eating different kinds of fibers. (14:00)

Colleen talks about a study they did telling people to keep doing what they are doing and seeing a way to influence the microbiome and then have this impact on A1C and blood glucose. (17:00)

Dr. Gladden talks about how microbiomes also affect appetites and that the microbiomes you grow affect what you crave. (19:00)

Colleen mentions that the formulation is stable but needs to be refrigerated. She also mentions the five strains - Akkermansia muciniphila, Anaerobutyricum hallii, Bifidobacterium infantis, Clostridium butyricum, and Clostridium beijerinckii. (21:10)

Colleen mentions some of the trials they have done and the approach they adopted. (24:10)

Dr. Gladden talks about neuroinflammation and if Pendulum decreases neuroinflammation. (27:04)

Colleen mentions that there is a known relationship between managing your blood glucose spikes and neural inflammation. (28:05)

Dr. Gladden mentions what resting metabolic rate is and how it is measured. (32:44)

Colleen says that if you have not had diversity in your diet, you may not have all the microbiomes you need to metabolize some food. She also talks about the regulation of mucin, which is the glue that keeps everything properly in place. (35:34)

Colleen talks about what is on the drawing board for her at the moment. (39:15)

Dr. Gladden talks about the connection between autism and microbiomes. (41:30)

Collen talks about also looking out for and considering microbiomes as something additional in our intervention efforts. (43:25)

Colleen gives out three takeaways for listeners. She mentions that food diversification is important to diversify our microbiome. The second thing is knowing that regulating how your body metabolizes sugar is important to healthy aging. Lastly, if you want to give yourself a boost to your microbiome, try the Pendulum glucose control strains paired with the proper diet. (45:39)

Collen mentions the importance of people consulting their physicians when making changes that could affect their health. (48:00)

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